Built-in Functions
Explore powerful built-in functions for strings, arrays, dates, and more.
Built-in Functions
PHP comes with thousands of built-in functions. Master the most useful ones to write efficient code.
String Functions
PHP Strings
<?php
$text = "Hello World";
// Length and count
strlen($text); // 11
str_word_count($text); // 2
// Case conversion
strtolower($text); // "hello world"
strtoupper($text); // "HELLO WORLD"
ucwords($text); // "Hello World"
ucfirst($text); // "Hello world"
// Finding
strpos($text, "World"); // 6 (position)
strrpos($text, "o"); // 7 (last position)
// Replace
str_replace("World", "PHP", $text); // "Hello PHP"
str_contains($text, "Hello"); // true (PHP 8+)
// Split and join
explode(" ", $text); // ["Hello", "World"]
implode("-", ["a", "b"]); // "a-b"
join(", ", $arr);
// Extract
substr($text, 0, 5); // "Hello"
substr($text, 6); // "World"
// Trim whitespace
$trimmed = " hello ";
trim($trimmed); // "hello"
// Format
sprintf("Hello %s", "World");
printf("Value: %.2f", 3.14159); // Value: 3.14
?>
Array Functions
PHP Arrays
<?php
// Creating arrays
$numbers = range(1, 10); // [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
$filled = array_fill(0, 5, "X"); // ["X","X","X","X","X"]
$combined = array_merge($a, $b);
// Searching
in_array("red", $colors); // true/false
array_search("red", $colors); // index or false
array_key_exists("name", $arr); // true/false
// Filtering and mapping
$numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
$evens = array_filter($numbers, fn($n) => $n % 2 == 0);
$squared = array_map(fn($n) => $n ** 2, $numbers);
$sum = array_reduce($numbers, fn($carry, $n) => $carry + $n);
// Sorting
sort($array); // Sort values ascending
rsort($array); // Sort values descending
ksort($array); // Sort by keys ascending
asort($array); // Sort by values, keep keys
// Transform
array_chunk($arr, 2); // Split into chunks
array_slice($arr, 2, 3); // Get portion
array_reverse($arr); // Reverse
array_unique($arr); // Remove duplicates
array_flip($arr); // Swap keys/values
?>
Date & Time Functions
PHP Dates
<?php
// Current time
date("Y-m-d"); // 2026-04-27
date("H:i:s"); // 15:30:45
date("l, F j, Y"); // Monday, April 27, 2026
date("d/m/Y H:i"); // 27/04/2026 15:30
// Timestamp
time(); // Current timestamp
mktime(0, 0, 0, 4, 27, 2026); // Specific date
// Relative dates
strtotime("+1 week"); // Next week
strtotime("-1 month"); // Last month
strtotime("next Monday"); // Next Monday
// Date comparison
$date1 = strtotime("2026-01-01");
$date2 = strtotime("2026-12-31");
$diff = ($date2 - $date1) / (60*60*24); // Days between
// DateTime object (more powerful)
$date = new DateTime("2026-04-27");
$date->modify("+1 week");
echo $date->format("Y-m-d");
?>
Useful Utility Functions
PHP Utilities
<?php // Type checking is_string($var); is_int($var); is_array($var); is_bool($var); is_null($var); is_numeric($var); // Type casting (int) "42"; // 42 (float) "3.14"; // 3.14 (string) 42; // "42" // Empty checking empty($var); // true if null, "", 0, [], "0" isset($var); // true if variable exists // Output var_dump($var); // Detailed debug output print_r($var); // Human-readable // JSON json_encode($arr); // Array to JSON string json_decode($json, true); // JSON to array ?>
✎ Hands-on Exercises
Exercise 1: Use strpos() to find "PHP" in "I love PHP programming" Exercise 2: Create an array and use array_filter() to get values > 10 Exercise 3: Display the current date in format: "Today is Monday, 27th April 2026" Exercise 4: Use str_replace() to replace all vowels with "*" Exercise 5: Create a JSON from an array and decode it back